What do scholars do when they talk about virtues (impartiality, accuracy) or vices (dogmatism, prejudice)? Against the common view that such high-minded talk is largely irrelevant to actual scholarly practice, this volume proposes to treat it as a practice in its own right. Drawing on case studies from the nineteenth-century humanities (with occasional forays into physics, chemistry, and medicine), Paul shows that notions of virtue and vice were an evaluative discourse used across the academic spectrum. Paul argues that this evaluative idiom is best studied from a rhetorical point of view, with due attention to repertoires on which scholars drew, explicit or implicit appeals to authority, multi-layered meanings of virtue and vice terms, different uses to which these concepts were put, and societal contexts that lent plausibility to scholars’ invocations of virtue and vice. Based on more than a decade of research, this volume will be a key reference for scholars interested in virtues, vices, and the history of the humanities. Introduction: A Rhetorical Approach to Scholarly Virtues and Vices Part I: Across Disciplines 1. The Scholarly Self: Ideals of Intellectual Virtue in Nineteenth-Century Leiden 2. Weber, Wöhler, and Waitz: Virtue Language in Late Nineteenth-Century Physics, Chemistry, and History 3. An Ethos of Criticism: Virtues and Vices in Nineteenth-Century Strasbourg Part II: Rhetorical Uses 4. Hypercriticism: A Case Study in the Rhetoric of Vice 5. Denial of Coevalness: Charges of Dogmatism in the Nineteenth-Century Humanities (with Caroline Schep) 6. Virtue Language in Nineteenth-Century Orientalism: A Case Study in Historical Epistemology Part III: Cultural Repertoires 7. German Thoroughness in Baltimore: Epistemic Virtues and National Stereotypes 8. The Icarus Flight of Speculation: Philosophers’ Vices as Perceived by Nineteenth-Century Historians and Physicists (with Sjang ten Hagen) 9. Labor ipse voluptas: Virtues of Work in Nineteenth-Century Germany Acknowledgments Index